دراسة میدانیة لریادة الأعمال النسائیة في منطقة الشرق الأوسط − التحدیات والفرص−
Main Article Content
Abstract
The primary aim of this research is to examine challenges and opportunities facing
women entrepreneurship in the developing context of MENA region with a particular focus on
sociocultural context of Algeria. While existing studies have laudably increased the interest of
scholars in theorizing and conceptualizing issues and policy makers in promoting
entrepreneurship in various economic sectors and for everyone, there has been a tendency to
over emphasize male entrepreneurship with a particular focus on Anglo-American economies
and a few emerging business contexts. Such Western- and male-dominated entrepreneurship
research has been to the detriment of other: women entrepreneurship in non-Western
developing economies which are characterized by their masculine domination.
The absence of recent empirical research on women entrepreneurship suggests that the existing
research of entrepreneurship fails to account for challenges and opportunities in contemporary
fast-growing economies of MENA region which has been characterized by its unique socioeconomic, religious, cultural and political context. In fact, recent research evidence indicates
that women entrepreneurship world wide is an under-tapped force that has the potential to
rekindle economic growth and development in the region.
Overall, the current study highlights a need for a context-based evaluation of women
entrepreneurship. In the light of sparse nature of the empirical evidence on women
entrepreneurship within the milieu of non-Western developing economies, the rise of feminism
coupled with the promising economic opportunities for women in MENA region, the
fundamental question remains as to ‘whether the current business environment promotes or
inhibit female entrepreneurship in the region’. The current study aims to respond to this
question by adopting a qualitative research method to elucidate the factors that could play a part in creating a robust business environment for women entrepreneurship in Algeria. In a manner
consistent with the institutional theory, the findings lend support to myriad of institutional
forces and social structure that impede transition to a stable business environment which is
conducive to women entrepreneurship: the assumptions underpinning
Article Details
References
Albagli, C. (1995). L’innovation socioculturelle comme stimulant entrepreneurial, pp. pp. 13–27. Paris.
Ahl, H. (2006). Why Research on Women Entrepreneurs Needs New Directions. Entrepreneurship Theory
and Practice, 30(5), 595–621.
Allen, I. E., Langowitz, N., & Minniti, M. (2007). Global entrepreneurship monitor. 2006 Report on Women
and Entreprenurship. Retrieved from http://155.48.10.202/Academics/centers/blank-center/globalresearch/gem/Documents/gem-2007-women-entrepreneurship-report.pdf
Anna, A. L., Chandler, G. N., Jansen, E., & Mero, N. P. (2000). Women business owners in traditional and
non-traditional industries. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(3), 279–303.
Arasti, Z. (2008). L’entrepreneuriat féminin en Iran: les structures socioculturelles. Revue Libanaise de
Gestion et d’Economie, 1(2). Retrieved from http://www.religec.org/lodel/docannexe/file/75/article_arasti_4.pdf
Bajtelsmit, V. L., & Bernasek, A. (n.d.). Why Do Women Invest Differently than Men? (SSRN Scholarly
Paper No. ID 2238). Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. Retrieved from
http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2238
Bates, T. (2002). Restricted access to markets characterizes women-owned businesses. Journal of Business
Venturing, 17(4), 313–324.
Baughn, C. C., Chua, B.-L., & Neupert, K. E. (2006). The Normative Context for Women’s Participation in
Entrepreneruship: A Multicountry Study. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(5), 687–708.
Becker-Blease, J. R., & Sohl, J. E. (2007). Do women-owned businesses have equal access to angel capital?
Journal of Business Venturing, 22(4), 503–521.
Bengharbit -Remaoun, N., & Rahou, Y. (2006). Itinéraire de femmes entrepreneurs en Algérie : cas d’Oran.
Presented at the colloque international création d’entreprise et territoire, Tamanrasset.
Bengharbit -Remaoun, N., & Rahou, Y. (2008). Atouts et difficultés de l’entreprenariat féminin : analyse
d’enquêtes. Presented at the Colloque international sur l’Emergence des femmes dans le monde de
l’entreprenariat en Algérie : Opportunités contraintes et perspectives, Hôtel Hilton, Alger.
Boz, A., & Ergeneli, A. (2014). Women Entrepreneurs’ Personality Characteristics and Parents’ Parenting
Style Profile in Turkey. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 109, 92–97.
Brush, C. G. (1992). Research on women business owners: past trends, a new perspective and future
directions. Small Business: Critical Perspectives on Business and Management, 1038–70.
Brush, C. G. (1992). Research on Women Business Owners: Past Trends, a New Perspective and Future
Directions,. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 6(4), 5–30., (6(4)), 5–30.
Brush, C. G., de Bruin, A., & Welter, F. (2009). A gender-aware framework for women’s entrepreneurship.
International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 1(1), 8–24.
Bullough, A., & Abdelzaher, D. (2013). Global Research on Women’s Entrepreneurship: An Overview of
Available Data Sources & Limitations. Business and Management Research, 2(3), 42–59.
Buttner, E. H., & Rosen, B. (1989). Funding new business ventures: Are decision makers biased against
women entrepreneurs? Journal of Business Venturing, 4(4), 249–261.
De Bruin, A., Brush, C. G., & Welter, F. (2006). Introduction to the special issue: towards building
cumulative knowledge on women’s entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(5), 585–593.
د. ضیف عائشة، د. بوران سمیة - دراسة میدانیة لریادة الأعمال النسائیة في منطقة الشرق
الأوسط (التحدیات والفرص)-
JFBE
De Bruin, A., Brush, C. G., & Welter, F. (2007). Advancing a framework for coherent research on women’s
entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(3), 323–339.
DeMartino, R., & Barbato, R. (2003). Differences between women and men MBA entrepreneurs: exploring
family flexibility and wealth creation as career motivators. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(6), 815–832.
De Vita, L., Mari, M., & Poggesi, S. (n.d.). Women entrepreneurs in and from developing countries:
Evidences from the literature. European Management Journal.
Dhaliwal, S. (1998). Silent contributors: Asian female entrepreneurs and women in business. Women’s
Studies International Forum, 21(5), 463–474.
Dif, A. (2009). Impact des dispositifs de création d’emploi sur le genre féminin : Cas de la Wilaya d’Oran.
Presented at the Colloque international : Les femmes africaines à l’épreuve du développement, Alger les 19 et 20
Juillet.
Dif, A. (2010). L’Entrepreneuriat Féminin : Cas de la wilaya D’Oran. Université d’Oran - Sénia. Retrieved
from https://www.pnst.cerist.dz/detail.php?id=58377
Dif, A. (2012). Promotion de l’Entrepreneuriat et de l’employabilité des jeunes femmes en Algérie. Presented
at the Conférence internationale Economie verte organisé par la GIZ, Alger 27 & 28 Mars.
Dif, A., & Benyahia-Taibi, G. (2011). L’Entrepreneuriat féminin : Etude de cas des entrepreneures de la
Wilaya d’Oran. Presented at the Colloque international : Les Journées Scientifiques internationales sur
l’Entrepreneuriat, Biskra les 03/04/05 Mai.
Dif, A. & Adel, F. Z (2014). La diversité, facteur d'émergence de la femme entrepreneure algérienne,
Presented at the Journée Entrepreneuriat et PME du 23 mai 2014 Kedge Business School Aix-Marseille.
Retrieved from
s_Journe__e_AEI_-_AIREPME.docx
Dif, A. (2016). L’entrepreneuriat féminin en Algérie: obstacles et motivations Tome1 (édition universitaire
européene). Germany.
Driga, O., Lafuente, E., & Vaillant, Y. (2009). Reasons for the relatively lower entrepreneurial activity levels
of rural women in Spain. Sociologia Ruralis, 49(1), 70–96.
Elam, A., & Terjesen, S. (2010). Gendered institutions and cross-national patterns of business creation for
men and women. European Journal of Development Research, 22(3), 331–348.
Fagenson, E. A. (1993). Personal value systems of men and women entrepreneurs versus managers. Journal
of Business Venturing, 8(5), 409–430.
Garcia-Tabuenca, A., Crespo-Espert, J. L., & Pablo-Martí, F. (2011). Women, Entrepreneurial Activity And
Territory: Differences Or Myths? In ERSA conference papers. European Regional Science Association.
Retrieved from http://www-sre.wu.ac.at/ersa/ersaconfs/ersa10/ERSA2010finalpaper1465.pdf
Ghani, E., Kerr, W. R., & O’Connell, S. D. (n.d.). Political Reservations and Women’s Entrepreneurship in
India. Journal of Development Economics.
Ghiat, P. B. (n.d.). Contraintes socioculturelles des femmes entrepreneurs en Algérie. Retrieved from
Godwyn, M. (2009). “This Place Makes me Proud to be a Woman”: Theoretical explanations for success in
entrepreneurship education for low-income women. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 27(1), 50–64.
González-González, J. M., Bretones, F. D., Zarco, V., & Rodríguez, A. (2011). Women, immigration and
entrepreneurship in Spain: A confluence of debates in the face of a complex reality. Women’s Studies
International Forum, 34(5), 360–370.
Gupta, V., Goktan, A., & Gunay, G. (2012). Stereotype threat effects on evaluation of new business
opportunity by men and women: evidence from turkey (SUMMARY). Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research,
(8). Retrieved from http://digitalknowledge.babson.edu/fer/vol32/iss8/1
Hani, U., Rachmania, I. N., Setyaningsih, S., & Putri, R. C. (2012). Patterns of Indonesian Women
Entrepreneurship. Procedia Economics and Finance, 4, 274–285.
Heilman, M. E., & Chen, J. J. (2003). Entrepreneurship as a solution: the allure of self-employment for
women and minorities. Human Resource Management Review, 13(2), 347–364.
Jamali, D. (2009). Constraints and opportunities facing women entrepreneurs in developing countries: a
relational perspective. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 24(4), 232–251.
Kain, P., & Sharma, M. (2013). Women Entrepreneurship Education Need for Today. Journal of
Management Sciences And Technology, 1(1), 43–53.
Klyver, K., Nielsen, S. L., & Evald, M. R. (2013). Women’s self-employment: An act of institutional
(dis)integration? A multilevel, cross-country study. Journal of Business Venturing, 28(4), 474–488.
د. ضیف عائشة، د. بوران سمیة - دراسة میدانیة لریادة الأعمال النسائیة في منطقة الشرق
الأوسط (التحدیات والفرص)-
JFBE
Kovalainen, A., Stenholm, P., & Heinonen, J. (2012). Changing jobs, changing entrepreneurship - young
highly educated women in search of perfect place through entrepreneurship (INTERACTIVE PAPER). Frontiers
of Entrepreneurship Research, 32(8). Retrieved from http://digitalknowledge.babson.edu/fer/vol32/iss8/5
Lerner, M., Brush, C., & Hisrich, R. (1997). Israeli women entrepreneurs: An examination of factors
affecting performance. Journal of Business Venturing, 12(4), 315–339.
LES FEMMES ENTREPRENEURS, A. L. T., & PME, D. (2001). Chapitre 1 Les femmes entrepreneurs a la
tête de pme: pour une participation dynamique a la mondialisation et a l’économie fondée sur le savoir: synthèse
par. Women Entrepreneurs in SMEs, 65.
Metaiche -Tahir, F. (2013). Le profil de l’entrepreneuriat féminin en Algérie : une étude exploratoire (pp. 01–
. Presented at the 8e Congrès AEI l’écosystème entrepreneurial : enjeux pour l’entrepreneur, Fribourg du 22
au 25 Octobre.
Nikina, A., Shelton, L., & Loarne, S. L. (2012). A look at husbands, ventures, and the psychological
contracts of women entrepreneurs (INTERACTIVE PAPER). Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, 32(8).
Retrieved from http://digitalknowledge.babson.edu/fer/vol32/iss8/6
Nikina, A., Le Loarne, S., & Shelton, L. M. (2013). Le rôle de la relation de couple et du soutien du conjoint
dans l’entrepreneuriat féminin. Revue de l’Entrepreneuriat, Vol. 11(4), 37–60.
OECD. (2014). Women in Business 2014 - Accelerating Entrepreneurship in the Middle East and North
Africa Region (OECD Publishing) (p. 212). Paris. Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/publications/women-inbusiness-2014-9789264213944-en.htm
OECD-MENA. (2013). Gender inequality and entrepreneurship in the Middle East and North Africa A
statistical portrait (OECD Publishing) (p. 42). OECD.
Parker, B. J. (2010). A Conceptual Framework for Developing the Female Entrepreneurship Literature.
Journal of Research on Women and Gender, (1), 169–190.
Popescu, S. (2012). Women And Men In Entrepreneurship. Journal of Knowledge Management, Economics
and Information Technology, 4, 60–69.
Stevenson, Lois, Daoud, Yousef, Sadeq, Tareq and Tartir, Alaa (2010) Global entrepreneurship monitor:
GEM-MENA regional report 2009 (Middle East and North Africa). International Development Research Centre,
Cairo, Egypt.
Shabbir, A., & Di Gregorio, S. (1996). An examination of the relationship between women’s personal goals
and structural factors influencing their decision to start a business: The case of Pakistan. Journal of Business
Venturing, 11(6), 507–529.
Welsh, D. H. B., Memili, E., Kaciak, E., & Al Sadoon, A. (2014). Saudi women entrepreneurs: A growing
economic segment. Journal of Business Research, 67(5), 758–762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.11.040
Women in Entrepreneurship Business Resource Materials. (n.d.). Retrieved February 17, 2014, from